In addition to trains and airplanes, other means of long-distance travel in Russia include long-distance buses. They are inexpensive and not too difficult to use (or book).
For example, from Moscow...
Tsentral'nyi Avtovokzal (Central Bus Terminal). A major company.
*The base terminal here is Sicholkovskoye. It is the last stop on the Metro Blue Line.
(This introduction is about this central bus terminal.)
Severnye vorota (North Gate Bus Terminal). Operated by Mosgol Trans (Moscow Municipal Transport).
See the link for more information.
Iuzhnye vorota (South Gate Bus Terminal). Operated by Mosgol Trans (Moscow Transit).
http://mosoblvokzaly.ru
Where you can go.
As indicated on the site, in the direction of Kazan
Yuryev Polisky, Ivanovo, Moulom, Yoshkal Ora, etc.
In the north
Pskov, Petersburg, Lubinsk, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, etc.
In the southeast, Belarus (Minsk and Mokhlio) and Ukraine
The southeast is from Volgograd.
Finally, to the south, the Vladikavkas region.
Departure dates, times and fares
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http:// пассажирам/тарифы-и-билеты.html
Children pay half fare and there is a separate charge for larger luggage.
As far as I am personally concerned,
Sochi 2700R
Voronezh 800R
Vladimir 404R
Ivanovo 750R
Suzdal 500R
Kasimov 700R
Kiev 1865R
Krasnodar 2100R
Kishinau 3000R
Sergiev Posad 227R
Pereyaslavl 429R
Yaroslavl 750R
Kostroma 986R
Moulomou 725R
Mogilyov 1428R
Minsk 1250R
Nizhny Novgorod 900R
Pskov 1200R
Pinsk 2390R
Tbilisi 3500R
I guess. It is nice to be able to go outside of Russia by one train. For long distances, it is cheaper than going by sleeper train.
See “raspisanie timetable” for arrival times.
There are other companies, too, so you can travel at a lower fare if you compare various options.
E-traffic
http://www.e-traffic.ru/schedule/moscow-krasnogvardeyskaya-0?station=46&date=22.04.2016&page=1
Mosgortrans, the so-called Moscow city bus operator
http://www.mosgortrans.ru/about/branches/av/avtostancija-krasnogvardeiskaja/raspisanie-i-marshruty-avtostancii-krasnogvardeiskaja/
Personally, I prefer trains, but there are some towns that cannot be reached by train, so I will also use this way to enjoy Russia.
(April 22, 2016)
However,
*Railway long-distance lines are also cheap and not bad, so please refer to that as well.
Russian long-distance and suburban trains 1: Departing from Moscow Kiev Station (Kievsky Station)
Lviv, Odessa, Kiev, Bryansk, Kaluga, Anapa, etc.
Russian long-distance and suburban train 2: Departs from Moscow Pavelets station (Paveletsky station)
Samara, Astrakhan, Volgograd, Almaty, etc.
Russian long-distance and suburban train 3: Departure from Moscow Riga Station (Lissisky Station)
Riga, Pskov, etc.
Russian long-distance and suburban train 4: Departure from Moscow Yaroslavl (Yaroslavsky Station)
Vladivostok, Beijing, Arkhangelsk, Volkta, Yaroslavl, etc.
Russian long-distance and suburban trains 5: Departing from Moscow Leningrad Station (Leningradsky Station)
Helsinki, Tallinn, Petersburg, Murmansk, Novgorod, etc.
Russian long-distance and suburban train 6: Departure from Moscow Kursk (Kursky) station
Anapa, Baku, Kharkiv, Nizhny Novgorod, Novorossiysk, etc.
Russian long-distance and suburban train 7: From Moscow Savyolov station (Savyolovsky station)
Dmitrov, Savyolov, etc.
Russian long-distance and suburban train 8: Departing from Moscow Belorussiya station (Belarsky station)
Warsaw, Paris, Prague, Kaliningrad, Minsk, etc.
Russian long-distance and suburban train 9: Departure from Moscow Kazan station (Kazansky station)
Adrel, Kazan, Orenburg, Tashkent, Ufa, etc.